Vitamin B3, Niacin

Vitamin B3, Niacin

IUPAC name: pyridine-3-carboxylic acid
CAS number: 59-67-6
Other names: BETA-PICOLINIC ACID; AKOS BBS-00003719;ACIDUM-NICOTINICUM; 3-PICOLINIC ACID; 3-CARBOXYPYRIDINE; RARECHEM AL BO 0217;TIMTEC-BB SBB004279123.11; 3-Carboxy Pyridine; Pyridine -3-Carloxylic acid;Niacin; pyridine-3-carboxylate; pyridine-3-carboxylic acid
Molecular formula: C6NH5O2
Molar mass: 123.1094 g mol-1
Exact mass: 123.032028409 g mol-1
Appearance: white, translucent crystals
Density: 1.473 g cm-3
Melting point: 237 °C, 510K, 458 °F
Solubility in water: 18 g L-1

Vitamin B3 (also known as niacin, nicotinic acid and vitamin PP) is an organiccompound and one of the forty to eighty essential human nutrients. Thiscolorless, water-soluble solid is a derivative of pyridine, with a carboxylgroup (COOH) at the 3-position.

In the human body, niacin is broken down to Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP),and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD).These are the primary forms which niacin functions within the body. In theintestine, NAD and NADP maybe hydrolyzed to release free nicotinamide.This can be absorbed in the stomach, but primarily in the small intestine. Mostof the niacin in the blood is found as nicotinamide,a small amount of the time as nicotinic acid. Niacin assists in the functioning of the digestivesystem, skin, and nerves. Almost 200 enzymes require NAD and NADP to function. NADP assists with fatty acid synthesis, cholesterols and steroid Synthesis andoxidation of glutamate. It is important for the conversion of food to energy.It is also involved in both DNA repair, and the production of steroid hormonesin the adrenal gland.

Deficiency of niacin often results in a condition known as pellagra. The sideeffects are known as four d’s; dermatitis (inflammation of skin), dementia(a mental disorder characterized by a general loss of intellectual abilitiesinvolving impairment
of memory, judgment and abstract thinking as well aschanges in personality), diarrhea, and death. Dermatitis is much like a sunburn at first and appears onareas exposed to sun such as the face and neck and on the extremities such asthe back of the hands, wrists, elbows, knees, and feet. Some neurologicalproblems are paralysis of extremities, and dementia (the second D) or delirium.Several gastrointestinal problems may occur such as nausea, vomiting, anddiarrhea (the third D).

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